01-2023, tome 120, 1, p. 7-27 - Malika RIVIERE, William RENDU, Jacques JAUBERT - Les chasseurs néandertaliens d’aurochs de La Borde (Livernon, Lot) : apport de l’archéozoologie

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01-2023, tome 120, 1, p. 7-27 - Malika RIVIERE, William RENDU, Jacques JAUBERT - Les chasseurs néandertaliens d’aurochs de La Borde (Livernon, Lot) : apport de l’archéozoologie

Les chasseurs néandertaliens d'aurochs de La Borde (Livernon, Lot) : apport de l'archéozoologie

 

Malika Rivière, William Rendu, Jacques Jaubert

 

Résumé  : L'organisation des activités au sein du territoire des Néandertaliens est au cour de la recherche sur leurs sociétés. Le site de La Borde, présentant un spectre monospécifique centré sur l'aurochs, a été l'un des premiers pour lesquels les hypothèses de chasse collective et de son utilisation comme site d'abatage en masse ont été évoquées. Cependant, ces interprétations reposaient principalement sur une interprétation générale sans que l'assemblage faunique, issu initialement d'une fouille de sauvetage conduite en 1971, ait réellement été étudié du point de vue des comportements de subsistance, limitant notre perception des activités conduites localement. Par une reprise des collections osseuses du gisement, incluant restes déterminés et une sélection des indéterminés, nous proposons ici une nouvelle étude taphonomique et archéozoologique. Les résultats permettent une réévaluation du nombre d'individus et de confirmer en la précisant l'origine anthropique de leur accumulation. Bien que le profil squelettique s'avère biaisé par les conditions de fouille, les spécificités des modalités d'exploitation des carcasses témoignent de leur consommation expédiente et de l'abandon sans traitement de certaines. L'accumulation serait le résultat de multiples évènements de chasse d'un nombre d'individus suffisamment élevé pour permettre aux chasseurs d'être sélectifs dans leur exploitation. Le site aurait ainsi servi de lieu d'approvisionnement en matière carnée via des chasses spécialisées à l'aurochs tout au long de l'année pour les Néandertaliens fréquentant les causses du Quercy.

 

Mots-clés  : La Borde, Pléistocène moyen, archéozoologie, taphonomie, subsistance, aurochs, industrie lithique.

 

Abstract: Recent research on Neanderthal subsistence strategies in southwestern Europe identify the development, at the end of the Middle Paleolithic, of task specific locations dedicated to the capture of a large number of prey (Delagnes et Rendu, 2011). One of the main characteristics of these sites is their monospecific faunal spectrum centered on large mammals. However, it has been proposed that these task specific locations evidence the emergence of specialized hunting (Costamagno et al., 2006) at the end of the Mousterian era (starting during MIS4). Earlier specialized faunal spectra have been identified in the region (Jaubert et al., 2005 ; Discamps et al., 2011; Discamps et Royer, 2017) and the question of the development of such hunting specialization in earlier periods of the Middle Paleolithic can be raised.In this context, the site of La Borde (Livernon, France) is of prime interest to discuss the development of specific hunting strategies by Neanderthal populations. Localized in the Quercy and excavated by M. Lorblanchet in the 70???s, La Borde is a skinhole, which yielded a large faunal assemblage almost exclusively composed of aurochs remains associated with a denticulate Mousterian (Jaubert et al., 1990). The carcass accumulation was interpreted as resulting from communal hunting conducted by Neanderthal on the large bovine (Jaubert and Brugal, 1990). However, very limited zooarchaeological data were available, limiting our perception of the hunting strategies developed by the Neanderthals. Thus, we propose here a reevaluation of the site based on a combine taphonomic and zooarchaeological approach. The study was realized in two steps: firstly, the collection of La Borde stored at PACEA (CNRS ??? Bordeaux University) was analyzed in the framework of a Master 2 thesis (Rivière, 2018). This collection was constituted of identified bones selected by Slott-Moller (1990) for his paleontological analysis. A selection of the Cabrerets collection, which includes the faunal remains considered as unidentifiable, was included to the analysis in order to precise the faunal spectrum and to correct the MNI. During our study, 5770 bones remains and 497 teeth were analyzed. The aurochs largely dominates the faunal spectrum (with a   %  NISP of 95    %), which is characterized by a high rate of identification (28  %) due to the over-representation of large remains, a direct consequence of the excavation strategies. New species were identified in our revision with the discovery of a hyena canine and five remains of bear. Based on the faunal spectrum and its association with the denticulate Mousterian (Jaubert, 1990), an attribution of the site to the MIS7 is proposed. The absence of digested bones, the scarcity of carnivores and the absence of their young individuals conducted to reject these agents for the origin of the bone accumulation. On the opposite, the human modifications on the material associated with the large number of silex, sustain the hypothesis of a human accumulation. The taphonomic analysis of the material confirms the important alteration of the cortical surface of the bone mainly due to the weathering and some calcite depositions. However, these modifications seem to have only a limited impact on the representation of the human modifications and cannot explain their relative scarcity. The reexamination of the aurochs bone assemblage leads to a large increase of the previously proposed MNI to now 63 individuals (based on the second upper molar). The skeletal profile has been largely biased during the rescue excavation and no significant correlation were identified between the frequency of the anatomical parts and their density or their nutritive utility (tested by the FUI and the MUI). The skull and the belts are over-represented compared to the long bones. The phalanges are found complete with no evidence of human intervention. The limited human impact (8,1  % of the remains of the Bordeaux collection) is characterized by cut marks, notches and retouchers. Disarticulation and filleting are attested but bone fragmentation for recovery of the marrow and grease was limited. It results from it a limited number of green fractures (observable on only 54  % of the remains) and the prevalence of long bone articular extremities attests that they were not exploited for the extraction of grease. Simultaneously, the phalanges are found complete with no evidence of human intervention. All these elements suggest a limited investment of the butchery activities. The seasonal indication obtained by Slott-Moller (1990) based on tooth eruption sequence indicate multiple periods of death around the year. Based on our results and by taking into account the age profile established by Brugal (1995), we conclude that the accumulation is the consequence of multiple events of mass slaughtering of aurochs resulting from a specialized hunting on this animal. The site would have been secondarily scavenged by carnivores. Thus, our study brings some quantify data confirming the first interpretation of the site made by Jaubert and colleagues (1990), but simultaneously it adds some nuances. The hunters of La Borde aurochs took advantage of the topography of the landscape to bring down and trap the animals, and then processed the carcasses to obtain the resources they needed. The limited human impact on the carcasses supports the hypothesis of their large number and a quantity of food to process larger than what the group needed or was able to transport. The presence of all skeletal elements but in imbalance proportion and the low rate of butchery marks could correspond to one of the following exploitation modalities: 1) either the carcasses were only slightly or not at all invested, the first individuals that fell in the trap being neglected because they were buried under their fellow animals, or 2) some animals may have been the object of a more selective exploitation. The site was probably used recurrently during the year (Slott-Moller, 1990), and no evidence of differed consumption have been identified. Thus, the question of a residential mobility may be here raised. The topography characteristic of the site and the possible presence of aurochs in large number all along the year is probably the reasons why humans decided to invest this specific location, finding there the assurance to have always at their disposition a large resource of food. The conclusion of our study highlights the originality of La Borde in the Middle Paleolithic record of Western Europe with a monospecific faunal spectrum resulting in the slaughter of a large number of aurochs at least 130 ky ago. This study helps to document the diversity of the subsistence strategies developed by Neanderthal during the Pleistocene.

 

Keywords: La Borde, Middle Pleistocene, zooarchaeology, taphonomy, subsistance, aurochs, lithic industry.